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Miscarriage (1st Trimester)
Referenced to July 2007 (117 references)
 
 
Review Articles
 
Beucher G, Beillat T, Dreyfus M. [Management of first trimester miscarriages]. J.Gynecol.Obstet.Biol.Reprod.(Paris) 2003;32:5-21.
Bygdeman M. [Treatment in miscarriage and abortion. Widened use of drugs has many advantages]. Lakartidningen 1994;91:1396-7.
Chen BA,.Creinin MD. Contemporary management of early pregnancy failure. Clin.Obstet.Gynecol. 2007;50:67-88.
Creinin MD, Schwartz JL, Guido RS, Pymar HC. Early pregnancy failure--current management concepts. Obstet.Gynecol.Surv. 2001;56:105-13.
Goldberg AB, Greenberg MB, Darney PD. Drug therapy: Misoprostol and pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:38-47.
Goldberg AB, Greenberg MB, Darney PD. Misoprostol and pregnancy. N.Engl.J.Med. 2001;344:38-47.
Graziosi GC, Mol BW, Ankum WM, Bruinse HW. Management of early pregnancy loss. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2004;86:337-46.
Griebel CP, Halvorsen J, Golemon TB, Day AA. Management of spontaneous abortion. Am.Fam.Physician 2005;72:1243-50.
Hollander D. Early pregnancy failure: Misoprostol may be good alternative to surgery. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 2006;38:168-9.
Jurkovic D. Modern management of miscarriage: is there a place for non-surgical treatment? Ultrasound Obstet.Gynecol. 1998;11:161-3.
Krause SA,.Graves BW. Midwifery triage of first trimester bleeding. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 1999;44:537-48.
Machtinger R, Stockheim D, Seidman DS, Dor J, Schiff E, Shulman A. Medical treatment with misoprostol for early failure of pregnancies conceived following art: A promising treatment option. Fertility and Sterility 2006;86:S18.
Nanda K, Peloggia A, Grimes D, Lopez D, Nanda G. Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006.
Neilson JP, Hickey M, Vazquez J. Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks). Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2006;3:CD002253.
Sotiriadis A, Makrydimas G, Papatheodorou S, Ioannidis JP. Expectant, medical, or surgical management of first-trimester miscarriage: a meta-analysis. Obstet.Gynecol. 2005;105:1104-13.
Weeks A,.Danielsson KG. Spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester - Let each patient choose among expectant, surgical, or medical management. British Medical Journal 2006;332:1223-4.
 
 
 
Clinical Studies
 
Randomised Controlled Trials
 
Al Inizi SA,.Ezimokhai M. Vaginal misoprostol versus dinoprostone for the management of missed abortion. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2003;83:73-4.
Autry A, Jacobson G, Sandhu R, Isbill K. Medical management of non-viable early first trimester pregnancy. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 1999;67:9-13.
Bagratee JS, Khullar V, Regan L, Moodley J, Kagoro H. A randomized controlled trial comparing medical and expectant management of first trimester miscarriage. Hum.Reprod. 2004;19:266-71.
Blanchard K, Taneepanichskul S, Kiriwat O, Sirimai K, Svirirojana N, Mavimbela N et al. Two regimens of misoprostol for treatment of incomplete abortion. Obstet.Gynecol. 2004;103:860-5.
Chung TK, Lee DT, Cheung LP, Haines CJ, Chang AM. Spontaneous abortion: a randomized, controlled trial comparing surgical evacuation with conservative management using misoprostol. Fertil.Steril. 1999;71:1054-9.
Creinin MD, Moyer R, Guido R. Misoprostol for medical evacuation of early pregnancy failure. Obstet.Gynecol. 1997;89:768-72.
Creinin MD, Harwood B, Guido RS. Medical management of missed abortion: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet.Gynecol. 2002;100:382-3.
David M,.Chen FC. Comparison of isosorbide mononitrate (Mono Mack) and misoprostol (Cytotec) for cervical ripening in the first trimester missed abortion. Arch.Gynecol.Obstet. 2005;273:144-5.
Davis AR, Hendlish SK, Westhoff C, Frederick MM, Zhang J, Gilles JM et al. Bleeding patterns after misoprostol vs surgical treatment of early pregnancy failure: results from a randomized trial. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2007;196:31-7.
de Jonge ET, Makin JD, Manefeldt E, De Wet GH, Pattinson RC. Randomised clinical trial of medical evacuation and surgical curettage for incomplete miscarriage. BMJ 1995;311:662.
Demetroulis C, Saridogan E, Kunde D, Naftalin AA. A prospective randomized control trial comparing medical and surgical treatment for early pregnancy failure. Hum.Reprod. 2001;16:365-9.
Fall L,.Gherman. Early intrauterine pregnancy failure: A randomized trial of medical versus surgical treatment - Discussion. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;187:325-6.
Gilles J, Creinin MM, Barnhart KT, Westhoff C, Frederick MM, Zang J. Wet versus dry intravaginal misoprostol application for treatment of early pregnancy failure. Fertility and Sterility 2002;78:S64-S65.
Gilles JM, Creinin MD, Barnhart K, Westhoff C, Frederick MM, Zhang J. A randomized trial of saline solution-moistened misoprostol versus dry misoprostol for first-trimester pregnancy failure. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2004;190:389-94.
Graziosi GC, Mol BW, Reuwer PJ, Drogtrop A, Bruinse HW. Misoprostol versus curettage in women with early pregnancy failure after initial expectant management: a randomized trial. Hum.Reprod. 2004;19:1894-9.
Graziosi GC, Bruinse HW, Reuwer PJ, Teteringen O, Mol BW. Fertility outcome after a randomized trial comparing curettage with misoprostol for treatment of early pregnancy failure. Hum.Reprod. 2005;20:1749-50.
Graziosi GC, Bruinse HW, Reuwer PJ, van Kessel PH, Westerweel PE, Mol BW. Misoprostol versus curettage in women with early pregnancy failure: impact on women's health-related quality of life. A randomized controlled trial. Hum.Reprod. 2005;20:2340-7.
Gronlund A, Gronlund L, Clevin L, Andersen B, Palmgren N, Lidegaard O. Management of missed abortion: comparison of medical treatment with either mifepristone + misoprostol or misoprostol alone with surgical evacuation. A multi-center trial in Copenhagen county, Denmark. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2002;81:1060-5.
Kovavisarach E,.Sathapanachai U. Intravaginal 400 microg misoprostol for pregnancy termination in cases of blighted ovum: a randomised controlled trial. Aust.N.Z.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 2002;42:161-3.
Lee DT, Cheung LP, Haines CJ, Chan KP, Chung TK. A comparison of the psychologic impact and client satisfaction of surgical treatment with medical treatment of spontaneous abortion: a randomized controlled trial. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2001;185:953-8.
Leung SW, Pang MW, Chung TK. Retained products of gestation in miscarriage: an evaluation of transvaginal ultrasound criteria for diagnosing an "empty uterus". Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2004;191:1133-7.
Lister MS, Shaffer LE, Bell JG, Lutter KQ, Moorma KH. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vaginal misoprostol for management of early pregnancy failures. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2005;193:1338-43.
Machtinger R, Stockheim D, Goldenberg M, Soriano D, Atlas M, Seidman DS. A randomized prospective study of misoprostol alone or combined with mifepristone for treatment of first trimester spontaneous abortion. Fertility and Sterility 2002;78:S64.
Moodliar S, Bagratee JS, Moodley J. Medical vs. surgical evacuation of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2005;91:21-6.
Muffley PE, Stitely ML, Gherman RB. Early intrauterine pregnancy failure: a randomized trial of medical versus surgical treatment. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2002;187:321-5.
Ngai SW, Chan YM, Tang OS, Ho PC. Vaginal misoprostol as medical treatment for first trimester spontaneous miscarriage. Hum.Reprod. 2001;16:1493-6.
Nguyen TN, Blum J, Durocher J, Quan TT, Winikoff B. A randomized controlled study comparing 600 versus 1,200 microg oral misoprostol for medical management of incomplete abortion. Contraception 2005;72:438-42.
Nielsen S, Hahlin M, Platz-Christensen J. Randomised trial comparing expectant with medical management for first trimester miscarriages. Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1999;106:804-7.
Pang MW, Lee TS, Chung TK. Incomplete miscarriage: a randomized controlled trial comparing oral with vaginal misoprostol for medical evacuation. Hum.Reprod. 2001;16:2283-7.
Phupong V, Taneepanichskul S, Kriengsinyot R, Sriyirojana N, Blanchard K, Winikoff B. Comparative study between single dose 600 microg and repeated dose of oral misoprostol for treatment of incomplete abortion. Contraception 2004;70:307-11.
Sahin HG, Sahin HA, Kocer M. Randomized outpatient clinical trial of medical evacuation and surgical curettage in incomplete miscarriage. Eur.J.Contracept.Reprod.Health Care 2001;6:141-4.
Shelley JM, Healy D, Grover S. A randomised trial of surgical, medical and expectant management of first trimester spontaneous miscarriage. Aust.N.Z.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 2005;45:122-7.
Stockheim D, Machtinger R, Wiser A, Dulitzky M, Soriano D, Goldenberg M et al. A randomized prospective study of misoprostol or mifepristone followed by misoprostol when needed for the treatment of women with early pregnancy failure. Fertil.Steril. 2006;86:956-60.
Tang OS, Lau WN, Ng EH, Lee SW, Ho PC. A prospective randomized study to compare the use of repeated doses of vaginal with sublingual misoprostol in the management of first trimester silent miscarriages. Hum.Reprod. 2003;18:176-81.
Tang OS, Ong CY, Tse KY, Ng EH, Lee SW, Ho PC. A randomized trial to compare the use of sublingual misoprostol with or without an additional 1 week course for the management of first trimester silent miscarriage. Hum.Reprod. 2006;21:189-92.
Trinder J, Brocklehurst P, Porter R, Read M, Vyas S, Smith L. Management of miscarriage: expectant, medical, or surgical? Results of randomised controlled trial (miscarriage treatment (MIST) trial). BMJ 2006;332:1235-40.
Weeks A, Alia G, Blum J, Winikoff B, Ekwaru P, Durocher J et al. A randomized trial of misoprostol compared with manual vacuum aspiration for incomplete abortion. Obstet.Gynecol. 2005;106:540-7.
Wood SL,.Brain PH. Medical management of missed abortion: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet.Gynecol. 2002;99:563-6.
Zhang J, Gilles J, Barnhart K, Creinin M, Westhoff C, Frederick M. Medical management with misoprostol for early pregnancy failure: A multicenter, randomized equivalence trial. Fertility and Sterility 2004;82:S53-S54.
Zhang J, Gilles JM, Barnhart K, Creinin MD, Westhoff C, Frederick MM. A comparison of medical management with misoprostol and surgical management for early pregnancy failure. N.Engl.J.Med. 2005;353:761-9.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Observational Studies
 
Agostini A, Ronda I, Capelle M, Romain F, Bretelle F, Blanc B. Influence of clinical and ultrasound factors on the efficacy of misoprostol in first trimester pregnancy failure. Fertil.Steril. 2005;84:1030-2.
Agostini A, Capelle M, Ronda I, Bretelle F, Cravello L, Blanc B. Transvaginal ultrasound measurement of cervical length and efficacy of misoprostol in first-trimester pregnancy failure. Ultrasound Obstet.Gynecol. 2007;29:671-3.
Ayres-de-Campos D, Teixeira-da-Silva J, Campos I, Patricio B. Vaginal misoprostol in the management of first-trimester missed abortions. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2000;71:53-7.
Ayres-de-Campos D, Teixeira-da-Silva J, Campos I, Patricio B. Vaginal misoprostol in the management of first-trimester missed abortions. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2000;71:53-7.
Barnhart KT, Bader T, Huang X, Frederick MM, Timbers KA, Zhang JJ. Hormone pattern after misoprostol administration for a nonviable first-trimester gestation. Fertil.Steril. 2004;81:1099-105.
Beucher G, Baume S, Bekkari Y, Legrand-Horras M, Herlicoviez M, Dreyfus M. [Medical treatment of early spontaneous miscarriages: a prospective study of outpatient management using misoprostol]. J.Gynecol.Obstet.Biol.Reprod.(Paris) 2004;33:401-6.
Brown HC, Jewkes R, Levin J, Dickson-Tetteh K, Rees H. Management of incomplete abortion in South African public hospitals. BJOG. 2003;110:371-7.
Chia KV,.Ogbo VI. Medical termination of missed abortion. J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 2002;22:184-6.
Chung T, Leung P, Cheung LP, Haines C, Chang AM. A medical approach to management of spontaneous abortion using misoprostol. Extending misoprostol treatment to a maximum of 48 hours can further improve evacuation of retained products of conception in spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 1997;76:248-51.
Chung TK, Cheung LP, Leung TY, Haines CJ, Chang AM. Misoprostol in the management of spontaneous abortion. Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1995;102:832-5.
Clark S, Blum J, Blanchard K, Galvao L, Fletcher H, Winikoff B. Misoprostol use in obstetrics and gynecology in Brazil, Jamaica, and the United States. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2002;76:65-74.
Coughlin LB, Roberts D, Haddad NG, Long A. Medical management of first trimester miscarriage (blighted ovum and missed abortion): is it effective? J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 2004;24:69-71.
Coughlin LB, Roberts D, Haddad NG, Long A. Medical management of first trimester incomplete miscarriage using misoprostol. J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 2004;24:67-8.
Creinin MD, Harwood B, Guido RS, Fox MC, Zhang J. Endometrial thickness after misoprostol use for early pregnancy failure. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2004;86:22-6.
Creinin MD, Huang X, Westhoff C, Barnhart K, Gilles JM, Zhang J. Factors related to successful misoprostol treatment for early pregnancy failure. Obstet.Gynecol. 2006;107:901-7.
Davis AR, Robilotto CM, Westhoff CL, Forman S, Zhang J. Bleeding patterns after vaginal misoprostol for treatment of early pregnancy failure. Hum.Reprod. 2004;19:1655-8.
Greenland H, Ogunbiyi I, Bugg G, Tasker M. Medical treatment of miscarriage in a district general hospital is safe and effective up to 12 weeks' gestation. Curr.Med.Res.Opin. 2003;19:699-701.
Gronlund L, Gronlund AL, Clevin L, Andersen B, Palmgren N, Lidegaard O. Spontaneous abortion: expectant management, medical treatment or surgical evacuation. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2002;81:781-2.
Haberal A, Celikkanat H, Batioglu S. Oral misoprostol use in early complicated pregnancy. Adv.Contracept. 1996;12:139-43.
Hackney DN, Creinin MD, Simhan H. Medical management of early pregnancy failure in a patient with coronary artery disease. Fertil.Steril. 2007.
Kutlu T, Tugrul S, Aran T, Uslu H, Eren S, Oral O. Combined administration of misoprostol in the first and second trimester missed abortion cases. Clin.Exp.Obstet.Gynecol. 2006;33:226-8.
Loureiro T, Cunha M, Marques E, Araujo ML, Montenegro N, Laurini R et al. Non-viable cervico-isthmic pregnancy: the importance of an accurate sonographic diagnosis to preserve fertility. Fetal Diagn.Ther. 2003;18:289-91.
Murchison A,.Duff P. Misoprostol for uterine evacuation in patients with early pregnancy failures. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2004;190:1445-6.
Nansel TR, Doyle F, Frederick MM, Zhang J. Quality of life in women undergoing medical treatment for early pregnancy failure. J.Obstet.Gynecol.Neonatal Nurs. 2005;34:473-81.
Ngoc NT, Blum J, Westheimer E, Quan TT, Winikoff B. Medical treatment of missed abortion using misoprostol. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2004;87:138-42.
Nielsen S, Hahlin M, Platz-Christensen JJ. Unsuccessful treatment of missed abortion with a combination of an antiprogesterone and a prostaglandin E1 analogue. Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1997;104:1094-6.
Poveda C, Ruiz EM, Campos Z, De Leon RG, Grajales B, Moreno CE. Intrauterine misoprostol: a new high effective treatment of missed abortion. Fertility and Sterility 2001;76:S96.
Reynolds A, Ayres-de-Campos D, Costa MA, Montenegro N. How should success be defined when attempting medical resolution of first-trimester missed abortion? Eur.J.Obstet.Gynecol.Reprod.Biol. 2005;118:71-6.
Robledo C, Zhang J, Troendle J, Barnhart K, Creinin MD, Westhoff C et al. Clinical indicators for success of misoprostol treatment after early pregnancy failure. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2007.
Schaff EA, Fielding SL, Eisinger S, Stadalius L. Mifepristone and misoprostol for early abortion when no gestational sac is present. Contraception 2001;63:251-4.
Schreiber CA, Creinin MD, Reeves MF, Harwood BJ. Mifepristone and misoprostol for the treatment of early pregnancy failure: a pilot clinical trial. Contraception 2006;74:458-62.
Shankar M, Economides DL, Sabin CA, Tan B, Kadir RA. Outpatient medical management of missed miscarriage using misoprostol. J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 2007;27:283-6.
Sharma D, Singhal SR, Rani XX. Sublingual misoprostol in management of missed abortion in India. Trop.Doct. 2007;37:39-40.
Sifakis S, Angelakis E, Vardaki E, Fragouli Y, Koumantakis E. High-dose misoprostol used in outpatient management of first trimester spontaneous abortion. Arch.Gynecol.Obstet. 2005;272:183-6.
Szymanska M, Suchonska B, Ziolkowska K, Bablok L. [Use of misoprostol in the termination of missed abortion]. Med.Wieku.Rozwoj. 2003;7:307-12.
Taner CE, Nayki U, Pirci A. Misoprostol for medical management of first-trimester pregnancy failure. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2004;86:407-8.
Tang OS,.Ho PC. Pilot study on the use of sublingual misoprostol for medical abortion. Contraception 2001;64:315-7.
Turan C, Koc N, Dansuk R, Cengizoglu B, Mericeli DS, Unal O. Misoprostol administration in first-trimester pregnancies with embryonic demise reduces uterine arterial blood flow. J.Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003;14:226-8.
Vaisanen-Tommiska M, Mikkola TS, Ylikorkala O. Increased release of cervical nitric oxide in spontaneous abortion before clinical symptoms: a possible mechanism for preabortal cervical ripening. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89:5622-6.
Vejborg TS, Rorbye C, Nilas L. Management of first trimester spontaneous abortion with 800 or 400 microg vaginal misoprostol. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;92:268-9.
Vejborg TS, Nilas L, Rorbye C. Medical management of first trimester miscarriage according to ultrasonographic findings. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2007;86:604-9.
Wagaarachchi PT, Ashok PW, Narvekar N, Smith NC, Templeton A. Medical management of early fetal demise using a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol. Hum.Reprod. 2001;16:1849-53.
Wagaarachchi PT, Ashok PW, Smith NC, Templeton A. Medical management of early fetal demise using sublingual misoprostol. BJOG. 2002;109:462-5.
Wakabayashi M, Tretiak M, Kosasa T, Sharma S, Aeby T, Kamemoto L et al. Intravaginal misoprostol for medical evacuation of first trimester missed abortion. Prim.Care Update.Ob Gyns. 1998;5:176.
Zalanyi S. Vaginal misoprostol alone is effective in the treatment of missed abortion. Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1998;105:1026-8.
 
 
 
Cost-effectiveness
 
Graziosi GC, van der Steeg JW, Reuwer PH, Drogtrop AP, Bruinse HW, Mol BW. Economic evaluation of misoprostol in the treatment of early pregnancy failure compared to curettage after an expectant management. Hum.Reprod. 2005;20:1067-71.
Petrou S, Trinder J, Brocklehurst P, Smith L. Economic evaluation of alternative management methods of first-trimester miscarriage based on results from the MIST trial. Bjog-An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2006;113:879-89.
You JH,.Chung TK. Expectant, medical or surgical treatment for spontaneous abortion in first trimester of pregnancy: a cost analysis. Hum.Reprod. 2005;20:2873-8.
 
 
 
 
Pharmacology
 
Goldberg AB, Greenberg MB, Darney PD. Misoprostol and pregnancy. N.Engl.J.Med. 2001;344:38-47.
Nayak NR, Ghosh D, Lasley BL, Sengupta J. Anti-implantation activity of luteal phase mifepristone administration is not mimicked by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor or prostaglandin analogue in the rhesus monkey. Contraception 1997;55:103-14.
Nayak NR, Sengupta J, Ghosh D. Antinidatory effect of luteal phase administration of mifepristone (RU486) is associated with changes in endometrial prostaglandins during the implantation window. Contraception 1998;58:111-7.
 
 
 
Politics/ Licensing/ Ethics
 
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Editorials/ Letters/ Opinions
 
Creinin MD, Harwood B, Guido RS. Medical management of missed abortion: A randomized clinical trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;100:382-3.
El Refaey H,.Templeton A. Unsuccessful treatment of missed abortion. Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1998;105:567-8.
Grotegut CA,.Dandolu V. Medical vs. surgical management of early pregnancy failure. N.Engl.J.Med. 2005;353:2403-4.
Shukunami K, Nishijima K, Kotsuji F. Medical vs. surgical management of early pregnancy failure. N.Engl.J.Med. 2005;353:2403-4.
Wagaarachchi P, Ashok P, Templeton A. Medical management of missed abortion: A randomized clinical trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;100:383.
Winikoff B. Pregnancy failure and misoprostol--time for a change. N.Engl.J.Med. 2005;353:834-6.
Wood S. Management of spontaneous abortion-medical or surgical. Fertil.Steril. 2000;73:652.
 
 
 
Unspecified
 
El Refaey H, Hinshaw K, Henshaw R, Smith N, Templeton A. Medical management of missed abortion and anembryonic pregnancy. BMJ 1992;305:1399.
French L. Misoprostol therapy for incomplete abortion. American Family Physician 2004;70:1132-+.
Henshaw RC, Cooper K, El Refaey H, Smith NC, Templeton AA. Medical management of miscarriage: non-surgical uterine evacuation of incomplete and inevitable spontaneous abortion. BMJ 1993;306:894-5.
Kalra SK, Ratcliffe SJ, Zhang J, Barnhart KT. Predictors of severe pain following misoprostol treatment of early pregnancy failure. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;109:58S.