Prevention of Postpartum Haemorrhage
Referenced to July 2008
Review Articles
Adams V, Miller S, Craig S, Nyima, Sonam, Droyoung et al. The-challenge of cross-cultural clinical trials research: Case report from the Tibetan Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 2005;19:267-89.
Alfirevic Z. Blum J. Walraven G. Weeks A. Winikoff B. Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage with misoprostol. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics. 99 Suppl 2:S198-201, 2007 Dec.
Anderson JM,.Etches D. Prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage. American Family Physician 2007;75:875-82.
Anderson T. Prostaglandins for the prevention of PPH. Pract.Midwife. 2005;8:43-5.
Bechard dS. [Use of misoprostol in gynecology and obstetrics]. Gynecol.Obstet.Fertil. 2002;30:317-24.
Bouwmeester FW, Bolte AC, van Geijn HP. Pharmacological and surgical therapy for primary postpartum hemorrhage. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2005;11:759-73.
Brucker MC. Management of the third stage of labor: An evidence-based approach. Journal of Midwifery & Womens Health 2001;46:381-92.
Chong YS, Su LL, Arulkumaran S. Current strategies for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour. Curr.Opin.Obstet.Gynecol. 2004;16:143-50.
de Groot ANJA, van Dongen PWJ, Vree TB, Hekster YA, van Roosmalen J. Ergot alkaloids - Current status and review of clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use compared with other oxytocics in obstetrics and gynaecology. Drugs 1998;56:523-35.
Derman RJ. The role of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S131-S132.
Dildy GA. Postpartum hemorrhage: New management options. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002;45:330-44.
El Refaey H,.Rodeck C. Post-partum haemorrhage: definitions, medical and surgical management. A time for change. Br.Med.Bull. 2003;67:205-17.
Geller SE, Adams MG, Kelly PJ, Kodkany BS, Derman RJ. Postpartum hemorrhage in resource-poor settings. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;92:202-11.
Goldberg AB, Greenberg MB, Darney PD. Drug therapy: Misoprostol and pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:38-47.
Goldberg AB, Greenberg MB, Darney PD. Misoprostol and pregnancy. N.Engl.J.Med. 2001;344:38-47.
Gulmezoglu AM. Prostaglandins for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2000;CD000494.
Gulmezoglu AM, Forna F, Villar J, Hofmeyr GJ. Prostaglandins for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2001;CD000494.
Gulmezoglu AM, Forna F, Villar J, Hofmeyr GJ. Prostaglandins for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2002;CD000494.
Gulmezoglu AM, Forna F, Villar J, Hofmeyr GJ. Prostaglandins for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2004;CD000494.
Hemmerling A. The safety of misoprostol. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S149-S150.
Hofmeyr GJ. Evidence-based intrapartum care. Best.Pract.Res.Clin.Obstet.Gynaecol. 2005;19:103-15.
Jadesimi A,.Okonofua FE. Tackling the unacceptable: Nigeria approves misoprostol for postpartum haemorrhage. J.Fam.Plann.Reprod.Health Care 2006;32:213-4.
Joy SD, Sanchez-Ramos L, Kaunitz AM. Misoprostol use during the third stage of labor. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2003;82:143-52.
Lalonde A, Daviss BA, Acosta A, Herschderfer K. Postpartum hemorrhage today: ICM/FIGO initiative 2004-2006. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;94:243-53.
Langenbach C. Misoprostol in preventing postpartum hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;92:10-8.
Lazarus JV,.Lalonde A. Reducing postpartum hemorrhage in Africa. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2005;88:89-90.
Lokugamage AU, Refaey HE, Rodeck CH. Misoprostol and pregnancy: ever-increasing indications of effective usage. Curr.Opin.Obstet.Gynecol. 2003;15:513-8.
Magann EF,.Lanneau GS. Third stage of labor. Obstet.Gynecol.Clin.North Am. 2005;32:323-xi.
Mategrano VA,.Gabay MP. Misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Ann.Pharmacother. 2001;35:1648-52.
Mathai M, Gulmezoglu AM, Hill S. Saving women's lives: evidence-based recommendations for the orevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2007;85:322-3.
McCormick ML, Sanghvi HC, Kinzie B, McIntosh N. Preventing postpartum hemorrhage in low-resource settings. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2002;77:267-75.
McDonald S. Management of the third stage of labor. J.Midwifery Womens Health 2007;52:254-61.
Miller S, Lester F, Hensleigh P. Prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: new advances for low-resource settings. J.Midwifery Womens Health 2004;49:283-92.
Moore ML. Misoprostol-is more research needed? J.Perinat.Educ. 2002;11:43-7.
Mousa HA,.Walkinshaw S. Major postpartum haemorrhage. Curr.Opin.Obstet.Gynecol. 2001;13:595-603.
Peek MJ. Drugs for obstetric conditions. Best Practice & Research in Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2001;15:999-1011.
Potts M,.Hemmerling A. The worldwide burden of postpartum haemorrhage: Policy development where inaction is lethal. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;94 Suppl 2:S116-S121.
Prata N. A global overview of ongoing misoprostol studies. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S147-S148.
Ramanathan G,.Arulkumaran S. Postpartum hemorrhage. J.Obstet.Gynaecol.Can. 2006;28:967-73.
Ripley DL. Uterine emergencies - Atony, inversion, and rupture. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 1999;26:419-+.
Rizvi F, Mackey R, Barrett T, McKenna P, Geary M. Successful reduction of massive postpartum haemorrhage by use of guidelines and staff education. Bjog-An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2004;111:495-8.
Sharma S,.El Refaey H. Prostaglandins in the prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. Best.Pract.Res.Clin.Obstet.Gynaecol. 2003;17:811-23.
Song J. Use of misoprostol in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstet.Gynecol.Surv. 2000;55:503-10.
Tessier V,.Pierre F. [Risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage during labor and clinical and pharmacological prevention]. J.Gynecol.Obstet.Biol.Reprod.(Paris) 2004;33:4S29-56.
Thomas J. In low-resource settings, misoprostol can reduce risk of postpartum hemorrhage. International Family Planning Perspectives 2007;33:39-40.
Tsu VD, Langer A, Aldrich T. Postpartum hemorrhage in developing countries: is the public health community using the right tools? Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2004;85 Suppl 1:S42-S51.
Villar J, Gulmezoglu AM, Hofmeyr GJ, Forna F. Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet.Gynecol. 2002;100:1301-12.
Walder J. Misoprostol: preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Mod.Midwife. 1997;7:23-7.
Zust S, Hosli I, Surbek D, Holzgreve W. Side effects of Misoprostol therapy during pregnancy. Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie 2001;205:43-8.
Zust S, Hosli I, Surbek D, Holzgreve W. [Adverse effects of misprostol in pregnancy]. Z.Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2001;205:43-8.
Clinical Studies
Randomised Controlled Trials
Acharya G, Al Sammarai MT, Patel N, Al Habib A, Kiserud T. A randomized, controlled trial comparing effect of oral misoprostol and intravenous syntocinon on intra-operative blood loss during cesarean section. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2001;80:245-50.
Amant F, Spitz B, Timmerman D, Corremans A, Van Assche FA. Misoprostol compared with methylergometrine for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a double-blind randomised trial. Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1999;106:1066-70.
Bamigboye AA, Hofmeyr GJ, Merrell DA. Rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a placebo-controlled trial. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1998;179:1043-6.
Bamigboye AA, Merrell DA, Hofmeyr GJ, Mitchell R. Randomized comparison of rectal misoprostol with Syntometrine for management of third stage of labor. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 1998;77:178-81.
Baskett TF, Persad VL, Clough HJ, Young DC. Misoprostol versus oxytocin for the reduction of postpartum blood loss. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2007;97:2-5.
Benchimol M, Gondry J, Mention JE, Gagneur O, Boulanger JC. [Role of misoprostol in the delivery outcome]. J.Gynecol.Obstet.Biol.Reprod.(Paris) 2001;30:576-83.
Bhullar A, Carlan SJ, Hamm J, Lamberty N, White L, Richichi K. Buccal misoprostol to decrease blood loss after vaginal delivery: a randomized trial. Obstet.Gynecol. 2004;104:1282-8.
Bugalho A, Daniel A, Faundes A, Cunha M. Misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2001;73:1-6.
Caliskan E, Meydanli MM, Dilbaz B, Aykan B, Sonmezer M, Haberal A. Is rectal misoprostol really effective in the treatment of third stage of labor? A randomized controlled trial. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2002;187:1038-45.
Caliskan E, Dilbaz B, Meydanli MM, Ozturk N, Narin MA, Haberal A. Oral misoprostol for the third stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet.Gynecol. 2003;101:921-8.
Chakraborty H, Bartz J, Goudar SS. Estimating the effect of unplanned interventions in the randomized misoprostol trial: A mixed model analysis. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S136.
Chandhiok N, Dhillon BS, Datey S, Mathur A, Saxena NC. Oral misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage by paramedical workers in India. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;92:170-5.
Chong YS, Chua S, Shen L, Arulkumaran S. Does the route of administration of misoprostol make a difference? The uterotonic effect and side effects of misoprostol given by different routes after vaginal delivery. Eur.J.Obstet.Gynecol.Reprod.Biol. 2004;113:191-8.
Cook CM, Spurrett B, Murray H. A randomized clinical trial comparing oral misoprostol with synthetic oxytocin or syntometrine in the third stage of labour. Aust.N.Z.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1999;39:414-9.
Derman RJ, Kodkany BS, Goudar SS, Geller SE, Naik VA, Bellad MB et al. Oral misoprostol in preventing postpartum haemorrhage in resource-poor communities: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368:1248-53.
El Refaey H, Nooh R, O'Brien P, Abdalla M, Geary M, Walder J et al. The misoprostol third stage of labour study: a randomised controlled comparison between orally administered misoprostol and standard management. BJOG. 2000;107:1104-10.
Enakpene CA. Morhason-Bello IO. Enakpene EO. Arowojolu AO. Omigbodun AO. Oral misoprostol for the prevention of primary post-partum hemorrhage during third stage of labor.Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Research. 33(6):810-7, 2007 Dec.
Garg P, Batra S, Gandhi G. Oral misoprostol versus injectable methylergometrine in management of the third stage of labor. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2005;91:160-1.
Gerstenfeld TS,.Wing DA. Rectal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2001;185:878-82.
Gulmezoglu AM, Villar J, Ngoc NT, Piaggio G, Carroli G, Adetoro L et al. WHO multicentre randomised trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour. Lancet 2001;358:689-95.
Gupta B, Jain V, Aggarwal N. Rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage - A pilot study. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S139-S140.
Hamm J, Russell Z, Botha T, Carlan SJ, Richichi K. Buccal misoprostol to prevent hemorrhage at cesarean delivery: a randomized study. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2005;192:1404-6.
Hofmeyr GJ, Nikodem VC, de Jager M, Gelbart BR. A randomised placebo controlled trial of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour. Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1998;105:971-5.
Hofmeyr GJ, Nikodem VC, de Jager M, Drakely A. Side-effects of oral misoprostol in the third stage of labour--a randomised placebo-controlled trial. S.Afr.Med.J. 2001;91:432-5.
Hoj L, Cardoso P, Nielsen BB, Hvidman L, Nielsen J, Aaby P. Effect of sublingual misoprostol on severe postpartum haemorrhage in a primary health centre in Guinea-Bissau: randomised double blind clinical trial. BMJ 2005;331:723.
Karkanis SG, Caloia D, Salenieks ME, Kingdom J, Walker M, Meffe F et al. Randomized controlled trial of rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in third stage management. J.Obstet.Gynaecol.Can. 2002;24:149-54.
Khan RU,.El Refaey H. Pharmacokinetics and adverse-effect profile of rectally administered misoprostol in the third stage of labor. Obstet.Gynecol. 2003;101:968-74.
Kodkany BS, Derman RJ, Goudar SS, Geller SE, Edlavitch SA, Naik VA et al. Initiating a novel therapy in preventing postpartum hemorrhage in rural India: a joint collaboration between the United States and India. Int.J.Fertil.Womens Med. 2004;49:91-6.
Kodkany BS, Goudar SS, Derman RJ. The efficacy of oral misoprostol in preventing postpartum hemorrhage in a community setting: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S141-S142.
Kundodyiwa TW, Majoko F, Rusakaniko S. Misoprostol versus oxytocin in the third stage of labor. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2001;75:235-41.
Lam H, Tang OS, Lee CP, Ho PC. A pilot-randomized comparison of sublingual misoprostol with syntometrine on the blood loss in third stage of labor. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2004;83:647-50.
Lapaire O, Schneider MC, Stotz M, Surbek DV, Holzgreve W, Hoesli IM. Oral misoprostol vs. intravenous oxytocin in reducing blood loss after emergency cesarean delivery. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;95:2-7.
Lokugamage AU, Paine M, Bassaw-Balroop K, Sullivan KR, Refaey HE, Rodeck CH. Active management of the third stage at caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial of misoprostol versus syntocinon. Aust.N.Z.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 2001;41:411-4.
Lumbiganon P, Hofmeyr J, Gulmezoglu AM, Pinol A, Villar J. Misoprostol dose-related shivering and pyrexia in the third stage of labour. WHO Collaborative Trial of Misoprostol in the Management of the Third Stage of Labour. Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1999;106:304-8.
Mahajan NN, Mahajan K, Soni R. A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Oral Misoprostol and Intramuscular Syntometrine in the Management of the Third Stage of Labor. Gynecol.Obstet.Invest 2007;64:82.
Nellore V, Mittal S, Dadhwal V. Rectal misoprostol vs. 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;94:45-6.
Ng PS, Chan AS, Sin WK, Tang LC, Cheung KB, Yuen PM. A multicentre randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and i.m. syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour. Hum.Reprod. 2001;16:31-5.
Ng PS, Lai CY, Sahota DS, Yuen PM. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and intramuscular syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labor. Gynecol.Obstet.Invest 2007;63:55-60.
Nielsen BB, Hoj L, Hvidman LE, Nielsen J, Cardoso P, Aaby P. [Reduced post-partum bleeding after treatment with sublingual misoprostol: a randomized double-blind clinical study in a developing country--secondary publication)]. Ugeskr.Laeger 2006;168:1341-3.
Oboro VO,.Tabowei TO. A randomised controlled trial of misoprostol versus oxytocin in the active management of the third stage of labour. J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 2003;23:13-6.
Ozkaya O, Sezik M, Kaya H, Desdicioglu R, Dittrich R. Placebo-controlled randomized comparison of vaginal with rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. J.Obstet.Gynaecol.Res. 2005;31:389-93.
Parsons SM, Walley RL, Crane JM, Matthews K, Hutchens D. Oral misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. J.Obstet.Gynaecol.Can. 2006;28:20-6.
Piaggio G, Elbourne D, Schulz KF, Villar J, Pinol AP, Gulmezoglu AM. The reporting of methods for reducing and detecting bias: an example from the WHO Misoprostol Third Stage of Labour equivalence randomised controlled trial. BMC.Med.Res.Methodol. 2003;3:19.
Saleem S. Efficacy of dinoprostone, intracervical foleys and misoprostol in labor induction. J.Coll.Physicians Surg.Pak. 2006;16:276-9.
Schaff EA, DiCenzo R, Fielding SL. Comparison of misoprostol plasma concentrations following buccal and sublingual administration. Contraception 2005;71:22-5.
Surbek DV, Fehr PM, Hosli I, Holzgreve W. Oral misoprostol for third stage of labor: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Obstet.Gynecol. 1999;94:255-8.
Tudor C, Miller S, Nyima, Sonam, Droyoung, Varner M. Preliminary progress report: Randomized double-blind trial of Zhi Byed 11, a Tibetan traditional medicine, versus misoprostol to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in Lhasa, Tibet. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S145-S146.
Verma P, Aggarwal N, Jain V, Suri V. A double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare sublingual misoprostol with methylergometrine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S137-S138.
Vimala N, Mittal S, Kumar S, Dadhwal V, Mehta S. Sublingual misoprostol versus methylergometrine for active management of the third stage of labor. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2004;87:1-5.
Vimala N, Mittal S, Kumar S. Sublingual misoprostol versus oxytocin infusion to reduce blood loss at cesarean section. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;92:106-10.
Vogel D, Burkhardt T, Rentsch K, Schweer H, Watzer B, Zimmermann R et al. Misoprostol versus methylergometrine: pharmacokinetics in human milk. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2004;191:2168-73.
Walley RL, Wilson JB, Crane JM, Matthews K, Sawyer E, Hutchens D. A double-blind placebo controlled randomised trial of misoprostol and oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. BJOG. 2000;107:1111-5.
Wright JM,.Newton W. Is rectal misoprostol as effective as oxytocin in preventing postpartum hemorrhage? J.Fam.Pract. 2003;52:281-2.
Zachariah ES, Naidu M, Seshadri L. Oral misoprostol in the third stage of labor. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;92:23-6.
Zhao Y, Li X, Peng Y. [Clinical study on reduction of postpartum bleeding in cesarean section by misoprostol]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke.Za Zhi. 1998;33:403-5.
Observational Studies
Abdel-Aleem H, Villar J, Gulmezoglu AM, Mostafa SA, Youssef AA, Shokry M et al. The pharmacokinetics of the prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol in plasma and colostrum after postpartum oral administration. Eur.J.Obstet.Gynecol.Reprod.Biol. 2003;108:25-8.
Andolina KL, Tolosa JE, Monzo JM, Roberts NS, Daly S. Oral misoprostol is rapidly absorbed in postpartum women at term. J.Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003;14:229-32.
Bjornerem A, Acharya G, Oian P, Maltau JM. [Postpartum hemorrhage--prophylaxis and treatment in Norway]. Tidsskr.Nor Laegeforen. 2002;122:2536-7.
Chandra S, Persad V, Young D, Baskett T. A preliminary study of cutaneous blood flow associated with postpartum use of oral misoprostol. J.Obstet.Gynaecol.Can. 2004;26:1073-6.
Chong YS, Chua S, El Refaey H, Choo WL, Chanrachakul B, Tai BC et al. Postpartum intrauterine pressure studies of the uterotonic effect of oral misoprostol and intramuscular syntometrine. BJOG. 2001;108:41-7.
Choo WL, Chua S, Chong YS, Vanaja K, Oei PL, Ho LM et al. Correlation of change in uterine activity to blood loss in the third stage of labour. Gynecol.Obstet.Invest 1998;46:178-80.
Clark S, Blum J, Blanchard K, Galvao L, Fletcher H, Winikoff B. Misoprostol use in obstetrics and gynecology in Brazil, Jamaica, and the United States. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2002;76:65-74.
de Vaate AB, Coleman R, Manneh H, Walraven G. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of trained traditional birth attendants in the Gambia in the prevention, recognition and management of postpartum haemorrhage. Midwifery 2002;18:3-11.
Diab KM, Ramy AR, Yehia MA. The use of rectal misoprostol as active pharmacological management of the third stage of labor. J.Obstet.Gynaecol.Res. 1999;25:327-32.
El Refaey H, O'Brien P, Morafa W, Walder J, Rodeck C. Use of oral misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol. 1997;104:336-9.
Prata N, Hamza S, Gypson R, Nada K, Vahidnia F, Potts M. Misoprostol and active management of the third stage of labor. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2006;94:149-55.
Quiroga DR, Esparza AM, Batiza R, V, Coronado LO, Hernandez AS, Martinez CJ. [Vaginal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage]. Ginecol.Obstet.Mex. 2002;70:572-5.
Rajbhandari S, Pun A, Hodgins S, Rajendra PK. Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage at homebirth with use of misoprostol in Banke District, Nepal. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S143-S144.
Sina ED. The reduction in maternal mortality in Chile, 1990-200. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica-Pan American Journal of Public Health 2004;15:326-30.
Cost-effectiveness
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Pharmacology
Abdel-Aleem H, Villar J, Gulmezoglu AM, Mostafa SA, Youssef AA, Shokry M et al. The pharmacokinetics of the prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol in plasma and colostrum after postpartum oral administration. Eur.J.Obstet.Gynecol.Reprod.Biol. 2003;108:25-8.
Andolina KL, Tolosa JE, Monzo JM, Roberts NS, Daly S. Oral misoprostol is rapidly absorbed in postpartum women at term. J.Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003;14:229-32.
Chandra S, Persad V, Young D, Baskett T. A preliminary study of cutaneous blood flow associated with postpartum use of oral misoprostol. J.Obstet.Gynaecol.Can. 2004;26:1073-6.
Chong YS, Chua S, Arulkumaran S. Severe hyperthermia following oral misoprostol in the immediate postpartum period. Obstet.Gynecol. 1997;90:703-4.
Goldberg AB, Greenberg MB, Darney PD. Misoprostol and pregnancy. N.Engl.J.Med. 2001;344:38-47.
Htay TT. Making pregnancy safer in Myanmar: introducing misoprostol to prevent post-partum haemorrhage as part of active management of the third stage of labour. Reproductive Health Matters.15(30):214-5, 2007 Nov.
Hemmerling A. The safety of misoprostol. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S149-S150.
Khan RU,.El Refaey H. Pharmacokinetics and adverse-effect profile of rectally administered misoprostol in the third stage of labor. Obstet.Gynecol. 2003;101:968-74.
Lumbiganon P, Villar J, Piaggio G, Gulmezoglu AM, Adetoro L, Carroli G. Side effects of oral misoprostol during the first 24 hours after administration in the third stage of labour. BJOG. 2002;109:1222-6.
Schaff EA, DiCenzo R, Fielding SL. Comparison of misoprostol plasma concentrations following buccal and sublingual administration. Contraception 2005;71:22-5.
Vogel D, Burkhardt T, Rentsch K, Schweer H, Watzer B, Zimmermann R et al. Misoprostol versus methylergometrine: pharmacokinetics in human milk. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2004;191:2168-73.
Zust S, Hosli I, Surbek D, Holzgreve W. Side effects of Misoprostol therapy during pregnancy. Zeitschrift fur Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie 2001;205:43-8.
Zust S, Hosli I, Surbek D, Holzgreve W. [Adverse effects of misprostol in pregnancy]. Z.Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2001;205:43-8.
Politics/ Licensing/ Ethics
Campbell M,.Holden M. Global availability of misoprostol. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2006;94:S151-S152.
Chong YS, Su LL, Arulkumaran S. Misoprostol: a quarter century of use, abuse, and creative misuse. Obstet.Gynecol.Surv. 2004;59:128-40.
Darney PD. Misoprostol: a boon to safe motherhood...or not? Lancet 2001;358:682-3.
Gebhardt DO. Misoprostol in a topsyturvy world. J.Med.Ethics 2001;27:205.
Potts M,.Campbell M. Three meetings and fewer funerals--misoprostol in postpartum haemorrhage. Lancet 2004;364:1110-1.
Weeks AD, Fiala C, Safar P. Misoprostol and the debate over off-label drug use. BJOG. 2005;112:269-72.
Editorials/ Letters/ Opinions
Amant F. The misoprostal third stage study: a randomised controlled comparison between orally administered misoprostol and standard management. A double-blind placebo controlled randomised trial of misoprostol and oxytocin in the management of the third stage labour. BJOG. 2001;108:338.
Carpenter JP. Misoprostol for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in developing countries. Trop.Doct. 2003;33:122.
Chong YS,.Su LL. Misoprostol for preventing PPH: some lessons learned. Lancet 2006;368:1216-8.
El Refaey H, O'Brien P, Morafa W, Walder J, Rodeck C. Misoprostol for third stage of labour. Lancet 1996;347:1257.
El Refaey H. Use of misoprostol in third stage of labour. Lancet 2002;359:707-8.
Gebhardt DO. Misoprostol in a topsyturvy world. J.Med.Ethics 2001;27:205.
Hofmeyr GJ. Misoprostol in obstetrics and gynaecology--unregistered, dangerous and essential. S.Afr.Med.J. 1998;88:535-6.
Hofmeyr GJ,.Bamigboye AA. Rectal misoprostol in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage - Reply. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;180:1601-2.
Khan R,.Sharma S. Use of misoprostol in third stage of labour. Lancet 2002;359:708-9.
Lee N. Postpartum hemorrhage. Am.J.Nurs. 2007;107:15.
Mahajan NN. Mahajan K. Soni R. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of oral misoprostol and intramuscular syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labor. Gynecologic & Obstetric Investigation. 64(2):82; author reply 83, 2007.
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